Chemistry
O-Level Chemistry — theory notes, practical resources and interactive labs.
Chemistry Theory Resources
1. Experimental Chemistry
Full revision notes for the Experimental Chemistry topic — measuring apparatus, collecting and drying gases, and every separation technique, with worked examples and diagrams.
- Measurement
- Gases
- Separation
- Purity
2. The Particulate Nature of Matter
The particle model, and what a particle is made of: kinetic particle theory, states of matter and diffusion (2.1), then atomic structure, isotopes and electronic configuration (2.2).
- Particles
- Atoms
- Isotopes
- Electron shells
3. Chemical Bonding & Structure
How and why atoms join: ionic, covalent and metallic bonding with dot-and-cross diagrams, and how structure explains the properties of every material.
- Ionic
- Covalent
- Metallic
- Structure
4. Chemical Calculations
Writing formulae and balanced equations, then the mole: relative masses, the mole map, empirical formulae, reacting masses, concentration and yield.
- Formulae
- Equations
- The mole
- Stoichiometry
5. Acid-Base Chemistry
Acids, bases and the pH scale; strong vs weak; the three ways to prepare a salt; and ammonia and the Haber process.
- Acids & bases
- pH
- Salts
- Ammonia
6. Qualitative Analysis
The tests you must know by heart: identifying cations, anions and gases from their reactions, precipitates and colour changes.
- Cations
- Anions
- Gases
- Tests
7. Redox Chemistry
Electrons changing hands: oxidation states and redox, then electrolysis, selective discharge, electroplating, simple cells and the hydrogen fuel cell.
- Oxidation states
- Electrolysis
- Cells
- Fuel cells
8. Patterns in the Periodic Table
Reading an element's address: periodic trends, Groups 1, 17 and 18, transition elements, and the whole reactivity series including extraction and rusting.
- Trends
- Groups
- Transition
- Reactivity
9. Chemical Energetics
Which way energy moves: exothermic vs endothermic, energy profile diagrams with activation energy, and calculating ΔH from bond energies.
- Exo / endo
- ΔH
- Profiles
- Bond energy
10. Rate of Reactions
How fast, and why: collision theory, the four factors, catalysts and activation energy, and how to measure and read a rate graph.
- Collisions
- Factors
- Catalysts
- Graphs
11. Organic Chemistry
The chemistry of carbon: crude oil and fuels, alkanes and alkenes, alcohols, acids and esters, and polymers with recycling.
- Fuels
- Hydrocarbons
- Alcohols
- Polymers
12. Maintaining Air Quality
Real pollutants and real fixes: air composition, pollutant sources and effects, catalytic converters, the ozone layer, the carbon cycle and global warming.
- Pollutants
- Acid rain
- Ozone
- Climate
Pure Chemistry — Theory Paper Analysis
Every Paper 1 and Paper 2 question, 2009–2025, tagged to syllabus learning outcomes: topic heatmaps, coverage gaps, the 2023 syllabus shift and recency-weighted 2026 predictions.
- By year
- Topic heatmap
- LO coverage
- 2026 forecast
Science (Chemistry) — Theory Paper Analysis
Every Paper 1 and Paper 3 question, 2010–2025, tagged to syllabus learning outcomes — with the dead pre-2023 content flagged so you never drill what a 2026 candidate can't be asked.
- By year
- Topic heatmap
- LO coverage
- 2026 forecast
Chemistry Driller
Endless generated questions across the O-Level chemistry course — atomic structure, bonding, formulae and equations, the mole and stoichiometry, acids, bases and salts, qualitative analysis, redox and electrolysis, the Periodic Table and the reactivity series, energetics, rates of reaction and organic chemistry — marked instantly with the working shown, plus printable worksheets with answer keys for teachers.
- Whole course, 4 tiers
- Auto-marked practice
- Printable worksheets
Chemistry Practical Resources
G3 Science Chemistry Practical Analysis
Everything for Paper 5 in one place — a "how not to lose marks" guide, a self-marking QA ion trainer, and a 2007–2025 question analysis, switchable from a top tab bar.
- Marking tips
- QA ion trainer
- Past-year analysis
G3 Pure Chemistry Practical Analysis
Everything for Paper 3 in one place — a "how not to lose marks" guide, a self-marking QA ion trainer, and a 2008–2025 question analysis, switchable from a top tab bar.
- Marking tips
- QA ion trainer
- Past-year analysis
Science Chemistry Practical — Virtual Lab
Do the real Paper 5 practicals (2021–2025) on a virtual bench — heat, titrate, test and filter — then record every observation and calculation in a notebook that marks like the exam.
- 2021–2025
- Guided or written
- Auto-marked
Pure Chemistry Practical — Virtual Lab
Do the real Paper 3 practicals (2019–2024) on a virtual bench — titrate, plot graphs, run rate and thermometry experiments — with a notebook marked against the actual paper.
- 2019–2024
- Guided or written
- Auto-marked
Line of Best Fit — Practice
Drag a straight line through a set of plotted readings and have it marked against the real least-squares line — the gradient, whether the points balance either side of it, and whether it passes through the mean point. A fresh set of readings every time.
- Three difficulties
- Marked instantly
- Printable
Chemistry Interactives
Separation Techniques Virtual Lab
Drag, tilt and pour real glassware through six hands-on experiments — filtration, simple and fractional distillation, the separating funnel, sublimation and chromatography — then test yourself with a built-in question bank.
- Filtration
- Distillation
- Chromatography
- Purification
Particle Reality Lab
Kinetic particle theory as four missions — squash gases, melt and boil icosane on a live heating curve, race diffusing gases, then explain eleven everyday mysteries with particle reasoning. Predict before every run; mastery needs explanation and transfer, not lucky clicks.
- States of matter
- Changes of state
- Heating curves
- Diffusion
Bonding Reality Lab
Zoom from salt, silver, diamond and graphite right down inside their structures — then heat, wire, dissolve and strike each one to watch how bonding decides every property. Finish by deducing an unknown substance from its evidence.
- Ionic & metallic
- Giant covalent
- Structure & properties
- Deduce bonding
Dot-and-Cross Diagrams
Build ionic and covalent particles and watch outer-shell electrons transfer or pair up — dot-and-cross diagrams drawn the way the syllabus expects.
- Ionic bonding
- Covalent bonding
- Outer shells
- Ion charges
Covion
A fast sorting game — decide whether each compound is ionic (metal + non-metal) or covalent (non-metal + non-metal) before the clock runs out.
- Ionic
- Covalent
- Bonding
- Classify
Chermistry Draw
Turn names into structural and skeletal formulae on a drawing canvas — build molecules, tidy them up, and export them as images.
- Structures
- Skeletal formulae
- Naming
- Equations
Limiting & Excess Reactants Lab
Burgers first, moles second: drag the limiting and excess labels, test a leftover mixture, watch a titration end-point, then practise identifying and calculating.
- Mole ratio
- Limiting reactant
- Reactant in excess
- Titration
Redox Reactions
Decide whether each reaction is redox, then identify what's oxidised and what's reduced — with a built-in cheat sheet to learn the rules.
- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Electron transfer
Oxidation State
Beat the clock working out the oxidation state of the underlined element — sign and all — with rules on hand when you need them.
- Oxidation number
- Redox
- Rules
Electrochemistry
Explore electrolytic cells, the galvanic (simple) cell and the hydrogen fuel cell — watch the electrode reactions and the products that form.
- Electrolysis
- Galvanic cells
- Fuel cells
- Electrodes
Periodic Table
Tour the elements — see how properties repeat across periods and down groups, and why the table is arranged the way it is.
- Groups
- Periods
- Trends
- Element data
Periodic Table Game
Learn the periodic table through play — a light-hearted game of elements, symbols and electronic structure.
- Symbols
- Groups
- Electronic structure
Rate of Reaction
How fast do reactions go? Start with colliding particles, then follow a real reaction over time on concentration– and volume–time graphs.
- Collision theory
- Catalysts
- Temperature
- Rate graphs