O-Level Elementary Mathematics · October/November 2026 · Paper 1 (4052/01)

2026 Paper 1: what was tested, what was not, and what Paper 2 may bring

Every mark of the 28-question paper was coded to a topic and compared with the forecast published on the site, then the untested syllabus areas were used to sharpen the Paper 2 outlook.

78%of the 90 marks fell where my P1 forecast put them
16/21topics landed inside their forecast range
4/5of the forecast top-5 topics were top-5 in the paper
15syllabus areas not tested in P1

1. What was tested marks per topic in 2026 Paper 1, against the forecast

Algebra, numbers, equations, statistics and mensuration carried 46 of the 90 marks. Number work (11) was the single biggest topic.

Grey band = usual range (middle 80% of 2016–25) · forecast · 2026 actual (green in range, orange above, red below)

Algebra & formulae10 vs 12.4inside range
Statistics8 vs 8.2inside range
Equations & inequalities9 vs 7.4above range
Pythagoras, trig & bearings6 vs 7.3inside range
Numbers & indices11 vs 7.2above range
Mensuration8 vs 4.9above range
Ratio & proportion6 vs 4.7inside range
Functions & graphs3 vs 4.5inside range
Vectors1 vs 3.8inside range
Congruence & similarity5 vs 3.8inside range
Financial arithmetic3 vs 3.5inside range
Angles & polygons2 vs 3.0inside range
Circle properties2 vs 2.9inside range
Percentages0 vs 2.9below range
Matrices0 vs 2.7not tested (range includes 0)
Probability4 vs 2.4inside range
Speed & rates4 vs 2.2inside range
Sequences & patterns0 vs 2.2not tested (range includes 0)
Sets3 vs 1.8inside range
Construction0 vs 1.5not tested (range includes 0)
Coordinate geometry5 vs 0.7above range

2. What was not tested syllabus areas missing from P1

Checked question by question against the 4052 content list. Anything here and common in earlier Paper 2s is a candidate for Paper 2.

Percentages as a stand-alone questionNo mark was coded to percentages, but the method sat inside Q17 (reverse percentage with a fee) and Q27 (percentage increase). Successive changes and percentage comparisons were not asked.
MatricesAbsent from P1 (as in 5 of the last 10 years). Never in both papers.
Sequences & patternsNo nth term, pattern or sequence proof.
ConstructionNone (also none in 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023, 2024).
Sine rule, cosine rule, area ½ab sin C, 3-D trig, angle of elevationOnly right-angled trig and bearings (plus one obtuse-angle sine) appeared.
Cumulative frequency, histograms, stem-and-leaf, standard-deviation calculationP1 stats = box plots, grouped mean, effect of a change, SD as a concept.
Vector geometryOnly a translation (1 mark): no position vectors, ratios or proofs.
Compound or simple interestOnly an exchange rate with a fee.
Tree diagrams and two-way tablesProbability came from a Venn diagram and counters.
Graph plotting, tangents, power and exponential graphs; speed–time and distance–time graphsOnly one graph question: a quadratic from its turning point.
Quadratic equations by formula or completing the square; quadratic modelsThe one fractional equation (Q22) cancelled to a linear equation.
Tangent properties, cyclic quadrilaterals, congruenceCircle work stayed at semicircle, centre angle and the tangent–radius right angle.
RadiansThe sector question (Q25) used degrees; the formula sheet’s radian formulae were not needed.
Similar solids (area and volume ratios), map scalesSimilarity appeared only for triangles.
Sphere, pyramid, segments and composite solidsMensuration was an annulus, an arc and a cone from a sector.

Worth noting the shape of the paper

Whole-paper shape. 28 questions, one more than 2023–25 (27). Longest questions are 6 marks (Q14 and Q25); no real-world extended problem (that is Paper 2’s job).
Heavy on 'explain / show'. Six questions asked for reasons, proofs or comments (Q3, Q4, Q10b, Q12, Q24a, Q26): 13 marks.
Number & algebra opening. Q1–Q9 are mostly algebra and number (HCF/LCM, standard form, indices, a proof).
Coordinate geometry returned. 5 marks (Q14), after none at all in Paper 1 of 2024 and 2025.
Trig stayed low. 6 marks, down from 13 in 2023 and 2024 (it was 3 in 2025).

Never in P1 and P2 together

In 2016–25, matrices and sets never appeared in both papers of the same year: each year it was exactly one or the other. P1 2026 had sets, none on matrices, so matrices are very likely to appear in P2. The one-paper-only split held 10 years out of 10 (about a 1-in-1,000 chance by luck), which is why this page rates matrices “very likely” and not just a priority.

3. Did my predictions match? the P1 forecast published on the site

Honest result: a good planning guide, not a precise one. It was as accurate as simply averaging 2016–25 (78%) and a little better than last three papers alone (74%). Both specimen papers landed a similar share (72% Claude, 73% ChatGPT). These are shares of marks by topic, not a measure of whether questions were predicted: ChatGPT’s review, which compares question by question, found 7 specimen questions (25 of 90 marks) used methods absent from the real paper. Its coding of the real paper matches mine for 88 of 90 marks (only Q3 is split differently).

Prediction2026 result
Algebra is the biggest block (12 marks, range 9–15)10 marks, 2nd biggest topic✔
Statistics around 8 marks8 marks (box plots, grouped mean, SD concept)✔
Equations around 7 marks9 marks (range topped out at 7.8)≈
Trig around 7 with bearings and a triangle6 marks, bearings yes, sine/cosine rule no≈
Numbers 7 (range 6–10)11 marks, above range✘
Mensuration 5 (range 3–6)8 marks, above range✘
Coordinate geometry “now rare” (0–1 marks)5 marks, my biggest miss✘
Percentages 3 (range 2–4)0 coded marks, below range (the method was used inside Q17 and Q27)≈
Matrices and sets “coin-flips”Sets 3 marks, matrices 0✔
Sequences and construction “coin-flips”Both 0 marks✔
“A proof” and “explain” questions6 reasoning questions, 13 marks✔
No long multi-part question; stays shortLongest were 6 marks✔
Speed/travel not above 4 marks4 marks (average speed)✔

Score

16 of 21 topics inside their usual range. Missed above range: Equations & inequalities, Numbers & indices, Mensuration, Coordinate geometry. Below: Percentages (no mark coded to it, although Q17 and Q27 used percentage methods).

The forecast’s top five (algebra, statistics, equations, trig, numbers) caught four of the paper’s top five. Mensuration (8) tied statistics for fourth and replaced trig.

Lesson: single-year jumps of 3–5 marks in a topic are normal. Number work, mensuration and coordinate geometry can each rise suddenly, so treat a forecast range as the middle 80% of years, not a ceiling. This is the same “no topic is due” point made on the Analysis tab: 21 topics, 5 outside range is about what chance predicts.

4. Paper 2 outlook expected marks out of 90 (usual range), and how likely each topic is

Built from the 2016–25 Paper 2 history (recency-weighted) and then adjusted for what Paper 1 left untested. The “P1” column is the 2026 Paper 1 mark. Verdicts mix how often a topic appears in Paper 2 with what Paper 1 left untested, so topics in nearly every Paper 2 (statistics, mensuration, probability) rate high even though P1 covered them. Verdicts are planning guides, not probabilities: they rest on ten comparable years.

TopicVerdictP2 marksP1 ’26Why
Real-world problemCERTAIN10 (9–10)0Last question of Paper 2 in all 10 papers since 2016.
MensurationVERY LIKELY9 (6–11)8P1 used the annulus and a cone from a sector. Spheres, pyramids, composite solids and segments are untested.
Equations & inequalitiesVERY LIKELY9 (6–12)9P1 had only linear types (inequality, simultaneous, a fractional equation that reduced to linear). A quadratic model with the formula is untested.
Functions & graphsVERY LIKELY9 (7–11)3P1 had only a quadratic-from-turning-point question. Graph plotting, tangents and curves (power and exponential) are all untested.
Pythagoras, trig & bearingsVERY LIKELY7 (4–11)6Paper 1 only used right-angled trig. Sine rule, cosine rule, area ½ab sin C and 3-D are all untested, and Paper 2 carried trig in 8 of 10 years.
StatisticsVERY LIKELY5 (5–7)8P1 covered box plots, grouped mean and the effect of a change. Cumulative frequency, standard deviation calculations and histograms are untested.
ProbabilityVERY LIKELY5 (4–6)4P1 had Venn probability and a three-selection question. Tree diagrams and two-way tables are untested.
MatricesVERY LIKELY2 (0–5)0In 2016–25 matrices were in exactly one paper every year: P1 in 5 years, P2 in the other 5, never both, never neither. By chance that would happen about 1 time in 1,000. P1 2026 had none.
Coordinate geometryLIKELY6 (0–8)5Tested in P1 (5 marks), but P2 averaged 7 marks in 2023–25 (6 of the last 7 P2s). Expect it paired with vectors or equations.
Algebra & formulaeLIKELY4 (4–5)10P1 was heavy on algebra (10 marks); P2 averages 4–5. Expect an algebraic proof or a change of subject inside a longer question.
Sequences & patternsLIKELY3 (0–8)0Absent from P1 2026. In the 4 earlier years P1 had none, P2 had a pattern/proof question 3 times (2016, 2018, 2021); 2025 had none in either paper. P2 skipped sequences in 2024 when P1 had 2 marks of them, so that gap is not a counter-example. Four years is a small sample.
VectorsLIKELY3 (0–5)1Paper 1 gave only a 1-mark translation. Vector geometry (ratios, position vectors, proof) is untested, so it is a candidate for a Paper 2 question.
PercentagesLIKELY2 (2–4)0No mark was coded to percentages in P1, though Q17 and Q27 used percentage methods. Percentages appeared in P2 in 9 of 10 years.
Congruence & similarityPOSSIBLE3 (0–5)5Similar triangles were tested in P1 (5 marks). Area and volume ratios of similar solids are untested.
Ratio & proportionPOSSIBLE2 (0–2)6P1 used sharing in ratio and proportion. Map scales and speed-style ratio problems may appear inside the real-world question.
Financial arithmeticPOSSIBLE2 (0–4)3Exchange-rate question done in P1. Interest (simple or compound) is untested. P2 had no stand-alone finance in 2023–25; money tends to sit inside the real-world problem.
Numbers & indicesPOSSIBLE2 (1–2)11P1 had 11 marks of number work (HCF/LCM, indices, standard form). P2 averages 1–3.
Circle propertiesPOSSIBLE2 (0–4)2P1 used only the angle-at-centre and tangent-chord ideas. Tangent angles and cyclic quadrilaterals are untested.
Angles & polygonsPOSSIBLE1 (0–1)2Angles and polygons sit in P2 in only 2 of 10 recent papers.
Speed & ratesPOSSIBLE1 (0–2)4P1 had average speed. Speed averages only 1 mark in P2, usually inside a quadratic-model question.
SetsUNLIKELY1 (0–0)3Tested in P1 2026 (3 marks). Sets were in exactly one paper every year of 2016–25 (never both, never neither; about 1 chance in 50), and P2 had none in all 8 years P1 did.
ConstructionUNLIKELY0 (0–0)0Never in Paper 2 since 2016 (0 of 10). Construction lives in Paper 1.
Where this page differs from ChatGPT’s review of the same paper, and why
  • Matrices: “very likely”, not just “a priority”. Matrices were in exactly one paper in each of the last ten years (5 and 5, never both, never neither), a split that would occur by chance about once in a thousand tries. P1 2026 had none. It is still not a guarantee, and a change to that pattern would break it.
  • Sets: “unlikely” in P2. The same one-paper-only pattern holds for sets (about a 1-in-50 chance by luck) and P1 2026 had sets.
  • Sequences: “likely”, not just a short drill. In the four earlier years with no sequences in P1, three had a P2 pattern or proof question. P2 skipped sequences in 2024 in a year P1 had sequence marks, and 2025 had none in either paper. Small sample, so “likely”, not “very likely”.
  • Statistics, probability and mensuration rate high because they appear in nearly every Paper 2 (statistics and probability in 10 of 10 years). ChatGPT ranks revision by what P1 left untested, which is a different question; the two lists contain the same skills.
  • Q3 coding: I count Q3(a) as angle-sum reasoning in an isosceles triangle (2 marks) and Q3(b) as the circle theorem (2 marks); ChatGPT counts all 4 as circle properties. Both are defensible, and it is the only difference in the 90 marks.
  • Where ChatGPT is right: percentages were used inside Q17 and Q27, so they were not absent, and this page now says so. ChatGPT is also stricter in checking specimen papers question by question, not by topic.

Concepts to expect in Paper 2

Graph question (almost certain)Complete a table, plot a curve (a sum of power terms such as x² + k/x, or an exponential), draw a tangent, read an intersection with a line and link it to an algebraic equation.
Equation-modelling questionForm a quadratic from a situation (speed/time, area, work-rate) and solve with the formula or completing the square; reject a root with a reason. Today’s P1 only used linear solving.
Matrices questionMatrix product in a context with an interpretation of an entry (cost, tickets, sales). It was in only one paper every year of 2016–25, and P1 had none.
Non-right-angled trigonometrySine and cosine rule, ½ab sin C, bearings and a 3-D or angle-of-elevation part.
Statistics with probabilityCumulative frequency (median, IQR, percentiles), standard deviation and a comparison; probability from the same data or a tree diagram.
Vector or coordinate geometryPosition vectors, ratio on a line, collinearity or a proof, often with a coordinate part (line equation, intersection, area).
Mensuration with solidsComposite solids, spheres or pyramids, sector and segment area (possibly in radians), and area or volume ratios of similar solids.
Sequences or an algebraic proofnth term, a term question and a proof (number grid or consecutive numbers). Absent from P1 and 3 of 4 times in P2 when so.
Real-world problem (certain)Money, rates and a model or graph ending with a justified recommendation. Interest and percentages are likely to live here.

Revision priority if time is short: (1) graph plotting and tangents, (2) quadratic modelling with the formula, (3) matrices, (4) sine/cosine rule and 3-D, (5) cumulative frequency and standard deviation with probability, (6) vector or coordinate geometry, (7) composite-solid mensuration. The topics behind these seven (graphs, equations, matrices, trig, statistics, probability, vectors, coordinates, mensuration) carry about 55 of the 80 non-real-world marks in a typical Paper 2.